Any of the above, but most interested in the first two.  (Probably quite a few candidates for the last one!)

In any field Benoît Mandelbrot should be a serious contender for the Archimedes Prize.  He'll never win a Nobel Prize due the intense dislike he has generated among mathematicans.

Fascinating.  I only knew of Mandelbrot by name in relation to "Chaos", in particular, the book.

Would you really put him in the same category as Archimedes, Newton and Gauss?  (My layperson's understanding of the conventional wisdom is that these are three giants of mathematics in history.)

Truth unfolds in time through a communal process.