As for the comments in my original diary, I found the one by das monde quoting a letter from a physicist who's gotten a job at a hedge fund especially interesting. He wrote:
The most mythical of all hedge funds, Medallion, was set up 20 yrs ago by jim simons, a successful math/phys guru known for the Chern-Simons gauge theory. This guy's been doing returns of a constant 35% since 1990 with a Sharpe of 4 (reward/risk). He employs a little family of 60 physics PhD's in New Jersey, who devise clever algorithms to suck the stock market with systematic trades, i.e. their computer buys and sells thousands of times per minute, sometimes holding a position for just a few seconds. Decisions are made statistically: all you need is to be right 51% of the time.