also, they charge for a lot of things supplied for free by other companies. check-in, luggage, priority boarding. Noticeably high prices for food and drink keep to the Fen Causeway
But mostly by outsourcing of services to passengers - you carry your own bags or pay for them, you get your own food, you clean your own plane etc
You even have to look at Ryanair ads on the overhead lockers throughout the flight. You can't be me, I'm taken