...But a federal work-share program is winning some support from nonpartisans. Prominent economists pushing the work-share idea include Mark Zandi, an economic advisor to Sen. John McCain's (R-Ariz.) 2008 presidential campaign who also advises Democrats. Dean Baker, co-director of the left-leaning Center for Economic and Policy Research, and Paul Krugman, the New York Times columnist. Krugman touted the benefits in his column Friday, noting that German's work-share program has helped drive down its unemployment rate, which has gone from about 9 percent last year to less than 8 percent in October. Zandi, the chief economist at Moody's Economy.com, said that increased small business loans and more work-share programs could be an economical way to create more jobs. Zandi told the Joint Economic Committee last month that expanding work share to all 50 states would cost less than $2 billion and would provide more "bang for the buck" than unemployment insurance extensions. Congress passed and Obama signed last week a extension of unemployment benefits that cost $2.4 billion....
Prominent economists pushing the work-share idea include Mark Zandi, an economic advisor to Sen. John McCain's (R-Ariz.) 2008 presidential campaign who also advises Democrats. Dean Baker, co-director of the left-leaning Center for Economic and Policy Research, and Paul Krugman, the New York Times columnist. Krugman touted the benefits in his column Friday, noting that German's work-share program has helped drive down its unemployment rate, which has gone from about 9 percent last year to less than 8 percent in October.
Zandi, the chief economist at Moody's Economy.com, said that increased small business loans and more work-share programs could be an economical way to create more jobs. Zandi told the Joint Economic Committee last month that expanding work share to all 50 states would cost less than $2 billion and would provide more "bang for the buck" than unemployment insurance extensions. Congress passed and Obama signed last week a extension of unemployment benefits that cost $2.4 billion....
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Where's my ass at? 1932. (Energy Survey of North America is no longer on the web. See references to technocracy.org, Scott, Hubbert, and North American Technate 1, 1, 1, What we do not have? body count. Diversity is the key to economic and political evolution.
Man-Hours and Distribution II: THE DECLINE OF MAN-HOURS Theoretical Considerations In any given field of production whether of goods or of services, there is a relationship between: the number of units produced in a given time, the number of man-hours of human effort required to produce a single unit, the number of hours worked per man in that time, the number of men employed. In any given field of production let: q be the number of units produced per year, m be the number of man-hours required to produce one unit, I be the number of man-hours per year per man, n be the number of men engaged, e be the total number of man-hours required for the entire production. A man-hour is defined as one man working one hour, regardless of the occupation. From the above definitions the following relationships are obtained: The total man-hours per year for the entire production are the product of the man-hours per unit and the total number of units produced in a year, e=mq. (1) Also the total number of man-hours per year is equal to the total employees multiplied by the average hours per employee per year. Thus, e=nl. (2) Equating (1) and (2) together, nl = mq or n = (mq)/l (3) Thus we see that the total number of employees at any time in a given industry is directly proportional to the man-hours per unit and to the rate of production, and is inversely proportional to the number of hours worked by each employee. If at a given time mq is some finite amount, the number of employees, n, may be made as large as one wishes provided the working hours, I, be made short enough. Variation of Production, Total Man-Hours and Man-Hours per Unit, with Time In general, in any given industry, production, man-hours per unit produced, and total man-hours do not remain fixed but undergo changes with time. If the total production, q, and the man-hours per unit, m, are considered to vary independently, the total man- hours, e, are uniquely determined by equation (1), e = mq, at any given time, the amount of work available is determined by total production and by the human time required to produce each unit.
II: THE DECLINE OF MAN-HOURS
Theoretical Considerations
In any given field of production whether of goods or of services, there is a relationship between:
q be the number of units produced per year,
m be the number of man-hours required to produce one unit,
I
be the number of man-hours per year per man,
n be the number of men engaged,
e be the total number of man-hours required for the entire production.
A man-hour is defined as one man working one hour, regardless of the occupation.
From the above definitions the following relationships are obtained: The total man-hours per year for the entire production are the product of the man-hours per unit and the total number of units produced in a year,
e=mq. (1)
Also the total number of man-hours per year is equal to the total employees multiplied by the average hours per employee per year. Thus,
e=nl. (2)
Equating (1) and (2) together, nl = mq or n = (mq)/l (3)
Thus we see that the total number of employees at any time in a given industry is directly proportional to the man-hours per unit and to the rate of production, and is inversely proportional to the number of hours worked by each employee. If at a given time mq is some finite amount, the number of employees, n, may be made as large as one wishes provided the working hours, I, be made short enough.
Variation of Production, Total Man-Hours and Man-Hours per Unit, with Time
In general, in any given industry, production, man-hours per unit produced, and total man-hours do not remain fixed but undergo changes with time. If the total production, q, and the man-hours per unit, m, are considered to vary independently, the total man- hours, e, are uniquely determined by equation (1), e = mq, at any given time, the amount of work available is determined by total production and by the human time required to produce each unit.
So goeth putz (pl. as in herd of deer, bounding). Diversity is the key to economic and political evolution.
