What are your plans for capitalism?
Mixed economy, where government taxes and regulates economic rent and other unearned increments. Government should never plan economy and allocate capital, just regulate.
maybe they are _inter_dependent. a rocky marriage... ~"When an inner situation is not made conscious, it appears outside as fate." Karl Jung~
The distinction I make in the meaning of ideology and culture is rather simple but serves me well. Ideology is an intellectual activity. Culture is a physical activity. Intellectual activity produces worldly artifacts, the objects people make real, or culture. These artifacts are behavioral (subjective, intangible) and tangible things such as spoken and written language(s), music, architecture, costume, tools. Diversity is the key to economic and political evolution.
That is, it's a largely conscious (in the sense that its tenets can be brought to self awareness) fudge between an unconscious map of how the world ought to be and the undeniable aspects of reality.
They usually have a culpable "other", have you noticed? Whether it's single mothers, asylum seekers or neolibs...
Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations (Project Gutenberg)By necessaries I understand, not only the commodities which are indispensibly necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without. A linen shirt, for example, is, strictly speaking, not a necessary of life. The Greeks and Romans lived, I suppose, very comfortably, though they had no linen. But in the present times, through the greater part of Europe, a creditable day-labourer would be ashamed to appear in public without a linen shirt, the want of which would be supposed to denote that disgraceful degree of poverty, which, it is presumed, nobody can well fall into without extreme bad conduct. Custom, in the same manner, has rendered leather shoes a necessary of life in England. The poorest creditable person, of either sex, would be ashamed to appear in public without them. In Scotland, custom has rendered them a necessary of life to the lowest order of men; but not to the same order of women, who may, without any discredit, walk about barefooted. In France, they are necessaries neither to men nor to women; the lowest rank of both sexes appearing there publicly, without any discredit, sometimes in wooden shoes, and sometimes barefooted. Under necessaries, therefore, I comprehend, not only those things which nature, but those things which the established rules of decency have rendered necessary to the lowest rank of people. All other things I call luxuries, without meaning, by this appellation, to throw the smallest degree of reproach upon the temperate use of them. Beer and ale, for example, in Great Britain, and wine, even in the wine countries, I call luxuries. A man of any rank may, without any reproach, abstain totally from tasting such liquors. Nature does not render them necessary for the support of life; and custom nowhere renders it indecent to live without them. So, clearly, what constitutes a "decent" standard of living is partly a cultural construct.
By necessaries I understand, not only the commodities which are indispensibly necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without. A linen shirt, for example, is, strictly speaking, not a necessary of life. The Greeks and Romans lived, I suppose, very comfortably, though they had no linen. But in the present times, through the greater part of Europe, a creditable day-labourer would be ashamed to appear in public without a linen shirt, the want of which would be supposed to denote that disgraceful degree of poverty, which, it is presumed, nobody can well fall into without extreme bad conduct. Custom, in the same manner, has rendered leather shoes a necessary of life in England. The poorest creditable person, of either sex, would be ashamed to appear in public without them. In Scotland, custom has rendered them a necessary of life to the lowest order of men; but not to the same order of women, who may, without any discredit, walk about barefooted. In France, they are necessaries neither to men nor to women; the lowest rank of both sexes appearing there publicly, without any discredit, sometimes in wooden shoes, and sometimes barefooted. Under necessaries, therefore, I comprehend, not only those things which nature, but those things which the established rules of decency have rendered necessary to the lowest rank of people. All other things I call luxuries, without meaning, by this appellation, to throw the smallest degree of reproach upon the temperate use of them. Beer and ale, for example, in Great Britain, and wine, even in the wine countries, I call luxuries. A man of any rank may, without any reproach, abstain totally from tasting such liquors. Nature does not render them necessary for the support of life; and custom nowhere renders it indecent to live without them. So, clearly, what constitutes a "decent" standard of living is partly a cultural construct.
So, clearly, what constitutes a "decent" standard of living is partly a cultural construct.
That's Migeru, not Adam Smith. (I did a double take).
allocate capital
Do we trust markets to do this efficiently?
If not, and if government has to regulate in order to ensure efficiency, isn't the regulatory activity a form of decision-making in capital allocation?
The content of Veblen's Theory of Business Enterprise is that "captains of industry" (i.e., robber barons) direct the economy for their own monetary gain, and that economic development is incidental to their activities: their actions are as likely to lead to improvement or deterioration of the general welfare.
And Minsky claims in Stabilizing an Unstable Economy that
[Neoclassical Economics' General Equilibrium Theory] means that, for those subsystems of the economy where conditions are apt, the market can be relied upon, particularly if the market is not relied upon for the overall stability of the economy the determination of the pace and even the direction of investment income distribution; and the determination of prices and outputs in those sectors that use large amounts of capital assets per unit of input or per worker
But the big picture, the boundary conditions, the rules of the game, the regulation, needs to be set up with a view to the likely consequences.
This is a problem of dynamic control of a complex system. Micromanagement is not indicated. "Planning" is. En un viejo país ineficiente, algo así como España entre dos guerras civiles, poseer una casa y poca hacienda y memoria ninguna. -- Gil de Biedma
Any chance you could unpack this into a diary? The march of civilizations is a series of defenses that man has put up against the dread of pure existence.
- Jake If you only spend 20 minutes of the rest of your life on economics, go spend them here.
Political implications [of delayed feedback] ... Provided [that] some degree of correlation is observed between model and reality, the model may prove very valuable. Rarely will it serve to make firm predictions such as physicists (alone among natural scientists) make with confidence. On the other hand, the model may open our eyes to possibilities of behaviour which otherwise would have been quite overlooked. The disastrous effects of delay on negative feedback is a case in point, and I propose to examine briefly the possible application of our calculations in government. One of the functions of benign government (that is, one that considers the interests of the ruled above those of the rulers) is to ensure, as far as possible, that the life of the country remains reasonably well balanced. To take a particular example, an industrial country depends on its educational system to produce not only educated, responsible citizens, but as well such a supply of trained specialists as are needed to run, improve and make competitive the wealth-producing industries. If there are too few, as has happened in Britain at times, government may choose to offer incentives to cause more talented youth to embark on a career in technology. This is an application of negative feedback, to observe an imbalance and act so as to eliminate it. In this case, however, there is an inevitable delay of many years between the act, which initiates novices into the training process, and the useful outcome in the form of trained engineers. Our model leads us to believe that too decisive government action might be counter-productive - too many students starting would have no effect for some years, and then would saturate the market. Not only that, but for years to come the students already in the pipeline would pour out into a jobless arena. At which point, a government that had not yet learned the lesson would discourage any more students from entering on engineering courses, and in due time a famine of trained young people would once again paralyse industry and lead to demands for corrective action. Now in fact this has not happened, not (I think) because governments were alert to, and swayed by, this view of the problem, but because the issue has never been a vote-catcher such as would lead to unthinking and damaging over-reaction. There are, however, public issues of far greater sensitivity where politicians are under the strongest pressure to provide instant cures for perceived ills, and of these the state of a country's economy is the most serious, especially as measures to adjust the economy cannot take effect immediately. We have here an ideal situation for delayed negative feedback, and it is not unreasonable to ascribe some of the fluctuations in the economic state of Britain to a too-vigorous application of feedback. It is a curious, and rather disheartening, paradox that matters of limited interest are likely to run on an even keel while the most important matters are caused to pursue a bucketing course through excess of zeal
... Provided [that] some degree of correlation is observed between model and reality, the model may prove very valuable. Rarely will it serve to make firm predictions such as physicists (alone among natural scientists) make with confidence. On the other hand, the model may open our eyes to possibilities of behaviour which otherwise would have been quite overlooked. The disastrous effects of delay on negative feedback is a case in point, and I propose to examine briefly the possible application of our calculations in government.
One of the functions of benign government (that is, one that considers the interests of the ruled above those of the rulers) is to ensure, as far as possible, that the life of the country remains reasonably well balanced. To take a particular example, an industrial country depends on its educational system to produce not only educated, responsible citizens, but as well such a supply of trained specialists as are needed to run, improve and make competitive the wealth-producing industries. If there are too few, as has happened in Britain at times, government may choose to offer incentives to cause more talented youth to embark on a career in technology. This is an application of negative feedback, to observe an imbalance and act so as to eliminate it. In this case, however, there is an inevitable delay of many years between the act, which initiates novices into the training process, and the useful outcome in the form of trained engineers. Our model leads us to believe that too decisive government action might be counter-productive - too many students starting would have no effect for some years, and then would saturate the market. Not only that, but for years to come the students already in the pipeline would pour out into a jobless arena. At which point, a government that had not yet learned the lesson would discourage any more students from entering on engineering courses, and in due time a famine of trained young people would once again paralyse industry and lead to demands for corrective action. Now in fact this has not happened, not (I think) because governments were alert to, and swayed by, this view of the problem, but because the issue has never been a vote-catcher such as would lead to unthinking and damaging over-reaction.
There are, however, public issues of far greater sensitivity where politicians are under the strongest pressure to provide instant cures for perceived ills, and of these the state of a country's economy is the most serious, especially as measures to adjust the economy cannot take effect immediately. We have here an ideal situation for delayed negative feedback, and it is not unreasonable to ascribe some of the fluctuations in the economic state of Britain to a too-vigorous application of feedback. It is a curious, and rather disheartening, paradox that matters of limited interest are likely to run on an even keel while the most important matters are caused to pursue a bucketing course through excess of zeal
It is tempting to see the life of an extended society as a species of chaos - normally it is restricted chaos in that the observed actions constitute only a small fraction of the possibilities. The analogy becomes especially persuasive when one recalls that ancient commonplace that no action, however small, but has consequences that spread through the community : 'for want of a nail the shoe was lost, for want of a shoe...'.(34) The implication is that one must not accept the theories of social science to be predictive except for short times ahead, or for certain processes that can develop only slowly, like the fundamental principles of a political party. It may be, for instance, that grand overall economic theories can be devised, but that the limited economic theories that governments long for will never have predictive validity for far enough ahead to be any use. Be that as it may, it is desirable that those social scientists who seem to strive to make their discipline conform as closely as possible to the perceived ideal of physics, should recognize that they may be imitating physical procedures at the very point where they are least reliable. And for their part physicists should not allow themselves to be gratified overmuch when philosophers of science select physics as the typical science. The phenomenon of chaos is a salutory reminder of the frailty of human endeavour, and it may be that the recognition of the limitations of mathematical prediction will prove the most typically scientific aspect of physics. -- Alfred Brian Pippard, Response and stability: an introduction to the physical theory (p. 128)
-- Alfred Brian Pippard, Response and stability: an introduction to the physical theory (p. 128)
I'll note the presence of a steady increase in one environmental variable within a Complex dynamic system tends to drive that system into a self-generated reorganization: bifurcation, Catastrophe, Emergent Phenomena ... it can take many forms.
So, one has to question whether the word "Equilibrium" in "General Equilibrium Theory" has meaning outside its mathematical definition.
Zizek's point is that perhaps capitalism can't be fixed. Framing political and developmental issues using capitalist concepts and rhetoric may not only be contingently wrong, it's possible it's inherently, objectively and absolutely wrong.
Capitalism also = some element of plutocracy, even if it's held in check.
You can have competitive social Darwinism without capitalism, and it can even look socialist. All you need is some significant signifier of competitive success and severe consequences for the losers.
In capitalism, the signifiers are financial. (Although in fact that's just another form of totemic symbolism, rather than the objective status marker it pretends to be; persuasive individuals can manipulate this fact for personal gain.)
In other systems, markers can be social, historical, intellectual, or symbolic in other ways.
Market socialism - socialism which accepts that the economy must be industrialised, centralised, managed and monitored - is really just a softer variant of capitalism in which competition is constrained so that the consequences of competitive failure are less severe than usual.
It doesn't challenge the premise that competition is inherently good at all times, or the most effective way to improve the common good.
What seems to happen in socialised economies is that high taxation is collected, redistributed and invested rather apologetically, rather than being framed as - say - the natural and inevitable cost of participation in a beneficial social project, with built-in synergies of mutual advantage that are only possible when cooperation and altruism are significant social goals.
Again, capitalism without capital or capitalists. Unless by 'plutocrats' you mean the 'capitalists'. En un viejo país ineficiente, algo así como España entre dos guerras civiles, poseer una casa y poca hacienda y memoria ninguna. -- Gil de Biedma
Braudel's argument was that market economies have existed worldwide well before the rise of industrial capitalism and that, in essence, the marx/engels timeline was based on false extrapolation from an oversimplified view of a small period of european history.
That describes an unexpectedly small number of cultures.
It may not even describe this one.
The manufacturing of batteries in India under less than stringent manufacturing safety conditions was certainly "efficient" for Union Carbide. Not so "efficient" for those immediately maimed, crippled, and killed by the gas release, those suffering the consequences over the last 25 years, and the on-going damage to the inhabitants in and around Bhopal. So, it turns out, had stringent regulations had been in place, in the first place, it would have been more "efficient" for both Union Carbide and the Bhopalese.
Migeru gives such brilliant response that i feel silly to add anything. But IMO the key word here is the "market". If the markets function and are real markets, we should mostly trust them. If not, and profits and yields come from different kind of monopoly pricing and capital gains, we should regulate/tax these incomes. So that non-functional markets do not drain savings and investments. But finance the productive economy. The aim should be to try to keep market prices close to production costs, so capital would circulate in real economic value. Without free lunch, money would to flow into the pockets of wealth creators, labour and investors.
Yes, but "regulatory activity" is always there. Already in the form of property rights (that without regulation would be "allocated" by force). It is not whether regulate or not, but who regulates what.
Government should set socially acceptable goals and then regulate the rules of the game to attain those goals or at least move towards them. Whether you call that planning is beside the point.
And, no, New Labour's obsession with "targets" is not it. That leads to micromanagement. En un viejo país ineficiente, algo así como España entre dos guerras civiles, poseer una casa y poca hacienda y memoria ninguna. -- Gil de Biedma
You've deviated from the coffee-intake targets in your 5-year plan. En un viejo país ineficiente, algo así como España entre dos guerras civiles, poseer una casa y poca hacienda y memoria ninguna. -- Gil de Biedma
