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There is precisely one way to inject high-powered money into the economy: Sovereign deficits. So on average over the long run, the sovereign should run deficits.
The fact that you should sometimes run surpluses during the boom part of the business cycle does not change the fact that the sovereign has to be in the red on a cycle-averaged basis, any more than a cold summer disproves global warming.
If you're talking short-run, then attempting to run surpluses is counterindicated at the moment. If you're talking long-run, then surpluses are wrong-headed, full stop.
- Jake If you only spend 20 minutes of the rest of your life on economics, go spend them here.
What is high-powered money supposed to be?
High-powered money is created ex nihilo when the sovereign spends, and destroyed when the sovereign taxes.
Various sorts of low-powered money is created by various sorts of private lending.
(also base money, money base, high-powered money, reserve money, or, in the UK, narrow money) is a term relating to (but not being equivalent to) the money supply (or money stock), the amount of money in the economy. The monetary base is highly liquid money that consists of coins, paper money (both as bank vault cash and as currency circulating in the public), and commercial banks' reserves with the central bank.
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