European Tribune

Where the State is most corrupt & least efficient

by DoDo
Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 10:00:01 AM EST

A story I heard recently from a colleague:

1990. Tourist village. High season. Going for morning shoppings at the local supermarket (then still state-owned). But my colleague finds people standing in a long long line, like back in the times of empty shelves. What the...!? My colleague goes to run other errands, returns in the afternoon, people still in a long line. He waits this time.

Turns out the employees allow people in only one-by-one, and escort each of them across the shop. Incensed, he asks why, the manager says it's because people steal. The practice continues in the next days.

Then a few months later, my colleague learns that the supermarket was just privatised -- sold for cheap, because it was "low-frequented"...

Someone knew how to drive down prices before buying...


This anecdote is another illustration for my argument that not only are the neoliberal dogmas of "private enterprise is always more efficient than the State" and "nationalised economy begats corruption" wrong, but the act of privatisation itself often brings about the worst in both inefficiency and corruption.
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BTW today, the port workers of Hamburg are staging a strike and a protest rally against the 49.9% privatisation of the port managing company.

*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.
by DoDo on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 04:15:23 AM EST
The same thing as in Hamburg is happening in the port of Piraeus. There the government is planning to sell the port-management company (in fact its most profitable parts - the container shipping and handling departments) to a Chinese (or possibly a Dubai-based) company. The port management company is now 75% state-owned.

The government is justifying the sale by referring to the "high salaries" of the dockworkers and the "inefficiency of public companies", as well as the influx of investment capital that would arrive (despite changing its projections about the size of these investments, practically every week - a sure sign that in fact it has no clear idea about the actual investment involved).

Let me note that the port-workers do indeed receive high salaries (as do their counterparts all over Europe), starting from a gross salary of circa 48.000 Euros and reaching 150.000 (!) Euros, but that's because the port authorities have refused to hire workers which means that (if I remember correctly) the average worker does >550 8hour shifts per year, which means that they get paid (very expensive) overtime - despite the fact that they are begging for years now for new hirings, because they are increasingly overworked and thus unable to deal with the huge traffic in the port. I have the feeling that the reason that the government refuses to hire more people despite the fact that it would cost less than paying the monster overtimes it is now paying, is that it needs to have some workers paid >100.000 Euros for spin purposes  ("overprivileged public employees" etc.), given the fact that they were intent on selling the port for some years now. In the mean time they are trying to substitute regular workers with limited-contract workers (which are paid very little and have practically no work-safety), something that the Unions are fighting tooth and nail. The unions have struck over the past month, refusing to work overtime, and the effect of this overtime strike has been to diminish the port's productivity by 70%, signifying the extent of mismanagement involved. In fact the unions, to their credit, are still opposing the privatization scheme despite the fact that the government has sought to "buy them out" guaranteeing existing salaries and benefits to existing workers, should the sale go ahead...

Note that the costs for these high salaries are not burdening the taxpayer, as the port turns a net profit of over 110 million Euros per year, which rose >30% over the past year. Note also that the port is contributing infrastructure and money to the surrounding municipalities, which include some of the poorest areas in Greater Athens. We're talking about tens of millions over these past five years, in both infrastructure and direct "grants". This is unlikely to continue under private ownership.

Also worth noting is that the Chinese company that wants to buy the port (COSCO),  is in fact state-owned.

The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom - William Blake

by talos (mihalis at gmail dot com) on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 08:28:02 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Oops, thats 117 million turnover, it is 17 million profits before taxes - up from ~13 million last year.

The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom - William Blake
by talos (mihalis at gmail dot com) on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 08:34:24 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Very nice review of the Greek port issue Talos!

It would be a great contribution to ET if you could diary it so that it gets greater exposure. Perhaps along with the very similar OTE story?

Orthodoxy is not a religion.

by BalkanIdentity (balkanid _ at _ google.com) on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 01:26:52 PM EST
[ Parent ]
I didn't quite work out the timeline of the story, and thus its signiicance.

Were the queues during the time it was privatized or before?

You can't be me, I'm taken

by Sven Triloqvist on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 09:22:53 AM EST
Before. The queues were produced artifically to drive down the buy price. (Another assumed-to-be-obvious part of the story is that of course the buyer is someone in the know.)

*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.
by DoDo on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 02:36:27 PM EST
[ Parent ]
I updated the text for clarity, I hope it now works in English.

*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.
by DoDo on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 02:39:13 PM EST
[ Parent ]
Yes, better now. The manipulation of the phase transition is more evident.

You can't be me, I'm taken
by Sven Triloqvist on Thu Dec 14th, 2006 at 03:55:03 PM EST
[ Parent ]
Is this meant to argue that the State should run retail stores, rather than the private sector?  Didn't we just have a 75 year experiment in the USSR that showed what an abject failure that is?

Maybe I'm misunderstanding your point.

by wchurchill on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 01:33:38 AM EST
Not sure, but considering Dodo, a Hungarian, refers to the then recent empty shelves days, I'm sure he's quite aware of what that was like.  The privatization process in Eastern Europe was quite crooked, however, and the neo-liberal take back then was that that's fine - that even if it's simply taken over by the nomenlatura, they'll then magically turn into honest businessmen since the invisible hand of the market will begin to operate.

Which btw reminds me of how Poles used to consider Hungary a relative consumer paradise - it seems your stores weren't literally empty - a sight that little me accustomed to the consumerism of the West used to consider part of the exotic flavour of my trips to Poland, a bit like the pervasive haze of coal smoke.

by MarekNYC on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 02:10:21 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Indeed in Hungary, empty stores were prevalent decades earlier, though there were always missing products in some categories even in the eighties, so when a load of such a product arrived, people rushed to get it and there were lines. (The system was nicknamed "shortage economy" for a reason.) There was also the speciality of travelling habits in the East Bloc: because different products were missing from shelves in different countries, people would always check shops on foreign travels for stuff not found at home.

You say Poles considered Hungary a consumer paradise; on the Hungarian side, this was noticed through the phenomenon and prevalence of "Polish markets" (today replaced by Chinese markets), where travelling Poles would sell and buy everything for cheap. (This actually became a much stronger phenomenon immediately after 1989.) Meanwhile, for people in Hungary, the prime East Bloc target country for buying appliances was East Germany.

*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.

by DoDo on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 03:51:05 AM EST
[ Parent ]
One of my best friends is a Russian academic who used to go to Budapest for conferences and such during those years. She tells stories about all her friends' stopping by the night before she left with what amounted to their life savings. Even now -- and she's lived in New York since the early 1990s -- she talks of Budapest the way Americans in the 1920s wrote about Paris!
by Matt in NYC on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 06:59:29 PM EST
[ Parent ]
My point was't about retail stores, nor about the defense of a dictatorship, but about privatisation. Marek made the right points in reply, I will only ask you to focus on the implications of one question: who became the new private owners?

*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.
by DoDo on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 03:48:43 AM EST
[ Parent ]

Didn't we just have a 75 year experiment in the USSR that showed what an abject failure that is?

The "experiment" just showed that an oppressive regime without citizen freedom doesn't work.

It said absolutely nothing about wether state management work or doesn't work in non oppressive regimes where citizens are free to do what they want.

by Laurent GUERBY on Sat Dec 16th, 2006 at 04:34:43 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Only tangentially related, but I thought you might find this FT column interesting, about the Omar Effendi department store, an old Cairo landmark:

In 1896, three years after they opened their first European department store in Vienna, Austro-Hungarian businessmen Leon Orosdi and Hermann Back inaugurated a large branch in Egypt. Little did they know that, a century later, their Middle East flagship would play centre stage on two key local issues: privatisation and architectural preservation.
by the stormy present (stormypresent aaaaaaat gmail etc) on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 04:26:45 AM EST
Not sure how privatization was done in Hungary, but in Russia in many cases smaller shops were not sold, but rather transfered to "workers", but in reality to management. Privatization of commanding heights of economy was done in stages first they were deprived of state orders and subsidies, than new management was assigned, which stripped them of assets and money and finally bankrupt and money loosing enterprises were sold to the insiders. As the entire process markedly lacked any legitimacy, result was that new owners were keen to extract as much money from the companies as possible: barbaric oil extraction methods, negligence to infrastructure, etc.

From this piece you asked to post:


The economic dimensions of Belovezh were no less portentous. Dissolving the union without any preparatory stages shattered a highly integrated economy and was a major cause of the collapse of production across the former Soviet territories, which fell by almost half in the 1990s. That in turn contributed to mass poverty and its attendant social pathologies, which are still, in the words of a respected Moscow economist, the "main fact" of Russian life today.

And, as a one-time Yeltsin supporter wrote later, "almost everything that happened in Russia after 1991 was determined to a significant extent by the divvying-up of the property of the former USSR". Soviet elites took much of the state's enormous wealth with no regard for fair procedures or public opinion. To enrich themselves, they wanted the most valuable state property distributed from above, without the participation of legislatures. They achieved that, first by themselves, through "spontaneous nomenklatura privatisation", and after 1991, through Kremlin decrees issued by Yeltsin.

Fearful for their dubiously acquired assets and even for their lives, the new property holders were as determined as Yeltsin to limit or reverse the parliamentary electoral democracy initiated by Gorbachev. In its place they strove to create a political system devoted to and corrupted by their wealth, at best a "managed" democracy. Hence their choice of Vladimir Putin, a vigorous man from the security services, to replace the enfeebled President Yeltsin in 1999. And uncertain how long they could actually retain their immense property, they were more interested in stripping its assets than investing in it. The result was an 80% decline in investment in Russia's economy by the end of the 1990s - and the nation's demodernisation. Given such a record, it is scarcely surprising that Putin's attempt to reassert state control over Russia's oil and gas industries is so popular.

by blackhawk on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 08:47:54 AM EST
In Hungary, privatisation wasn't as much a shock programme like in Russia, more a drawn-out process over a decade with changing phases, but the initial phase was in part much like you describe for Russia. Somehow management always found a way to get ownership of state companies. The first thing they did was often to sell off everything as scrap.

Though, here the new owners were better at creating legality for their trickily gotten new belongings, the business didn't involve much natural resources as there aren't many, and on the environmental protection front, there was rather an improvement as first the government, then export-oriented companies tried to get closer to EU norms in advance.

But back to the economic crisis during which time there was the great selling off for scrap: I don't know how exactly that went in Russia, but here, it was by following bad advice from the IMF. In this case, I think the more that don't ascribe to malice what you can ascribe to stupidity holds. What happened (according to a study by an economist) was roughly:

  1. the (then outgoing 'communist') government was advised to free up prices
  2. thus inflation of course increased
  3. reading from the standard monetarist book, the IMF said inflation should be kept in check by limiting consumption (as inflation normally happens when the economy overheats and people overspend, obviously not true in this case), and that by raising interest rates
  4. rising interest rates choked any new domestic investments
  5. domestic companies going broke further increased imports reliance just after Western borders opened up
  6. rising imports depreciated domestic currency and further boosted inflation, inciting IMF to suggest more of the same medicine...


*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.
by DoDo on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 04:10:48 PM EST
[ Parent ]
Don't get me even start on Serbian (or ex-YU) privatization...it just makes me sick...
I do not know much about how bloody rich people became bloody rich in Western Europe or USA (as there was no nationalization there we can't talk about privatization) but I suspect from what I read that War's speculations played important role always...And if you ask me I do not believe (and never did) in "American dream" or possibility to really get rich starting from "nothing" simply by dissent work and your capability...I can bet there is always some kind of illegality there. Not to mention that rich people are paying politicians to make laws and legislations in their favor...
I now am used to that reality,  it's now more for me about how much rich are actually "throwing" over their shoulder to the mass...
And lately they are throwing less and less...
And interestingly here in a "land of plenty" where ever we go to some big retailer or supermarket they ask people to show their handbags to check if they have stolen something...There is no such a thing in Serbia. There they only ask one to do that if they saw him stealing...Strange.
by vbo on Fri Dec 15th, 2006 at 09:43:45 AM EST
And if you ask me I do not believe (and never did) in "American dream" or possibility to really get rich starting from "nothing" simply by dissent work and your capability...I can bet there is always some kind of illegality there.

Excuse me, but my grandfather, while never filthy rich, did quite well, in the end, after having nothing, and he never broke the law.  He worked hard, saved his money, studied investment in his spare time, and retired with more than enough money -- despite having never earned much more than $8.00/hr throughout his life.  Talk about whether the America Dream is generally true all you like, -- that, I don't know -- but the Jones clan lived it.  Two generations ago, my family was made up of sharecroppers in rural Georgia.  Today, we're in infinitely better shape.

Where's your motherf*%&ing flag pin?

by Drew J Jones (blahblahblah@blahblahblah.com) on Sat Dec 16th, 2006 at 05:41:26 AM EST
[ Parent ]
OK. Pay attention I was talking about BLOODY RICH...now the definition is pretty much "flexible".
Everywhere in the world usually families progress from one generation to a next one except if some war, some huge economic crises or some nationalization and confiscation stop them and put them back at the beginning. But to become bloody rich it takes more than normal life circumstances. I am talking what I believe generally all though exceptions are possible of course...
Statistics say that most of the people will stay inside their class and only few can move to a next level no matter what they do...
by vbo on Sat Dec 16th, 2006 at 06:50:12 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Quite a stupid way to run a supermarket.  Couldn't have hired a security guard?

Where's your motherf*%&ing flag pin?
by Drew J Jones (blahblahblah@blahblahblah.com) on Sat Dec 16th, 2006 at 05:29:12 AM EST
Do I not get a joke, or did you not get the point of the story? If the latter, the point was that thievery was a transparent excuse, and the real goal was to make the supermarket appear worthless (no customers, no profit) so that people in the know can buy it for pennies.

*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.
by DoDo on Sat Dec 16th, 2006 at 07:57:31 AM EST
[ Parent ]
What's amazed me the most in all post-Soviet get-rich-quick schemes is how simple and how transparent most of them were.

  • Factory manager creates shell company (which he or wife or brother, etc... owns), sells all industrial production of his factory to shell company at low, low price, sells from shell company at normal price, pockets difference. If he can get away with it, additionally gets subsidies form local authorities to be able to pay wages of workers.

  • Central bank official quietly leaks rumor that the Banks will default on some debt payments; while secondary market value of Russian debt drops, quietly buys a big chunk. Then issues firm denial of rumor, resells debt after price has come back to normal.


In the long run, we're all dead. John Maynard Keynes
by Jerome a Paris (jeromeguillet@yahoo.fr) on Sat Dec 16th, 2006 at 08:22:37 AM EST


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