***Happy Planet Index (formerly "Gross National Happiness?")

by marco
Wed Aug 2nd, 2006 at 03:57:00 AM EST

Several people on EuroTrib have remarked how dubious and misleading gross domestic product and other conventional measures for the health or effectiveness of countries and economies have become.

Would it be possible to measure and "quantize" happiness in a sufficiently objective and agreed upon matter (across cultures and societies) to use such a "happiness index" to characterize a community's general health?

This is probably still "Only fools dare tread here" territory.  But in the last few years, there seems to have been some movement in this direction suggesting -- against the better sense of hard-headed thinking -- that maybe a "gross national happiness" index could be usable at some point in the future.

From the front page ~ whataboutbob


[Added 2006/7/30: Should have looked into the EuroTrib archives more thoroughly before writing this diary. Last November Chris Kulczycki wrote a great diary about banning the GDP and described various indexes out there already, including the UN's Human Development Index, Genuine Progress Indicator, The Economist's (PDF) "quality-of-life index", and Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan's Gross National Happiness indicator (Chris's favorite, and the reason I changed the title of this diary.) In that diary, there was an interesting thread about the potential of using "median PPP income". ~ brunoken]

Migeru recently wrote that for Keynes,

all economic concepts should be monetarized in order to make economics properly quantitative. In this he is not wrong, and he is aware that he is throwing out some important things by making this decision, but like any good mathematician faced with an intractable problem he is deciding to tackle a different but related problem which is tractable, and trying to convince the rest of economists that this is the best way to make progress.

Is measuring the happiness of a population a tractable problem?

In response to Migeru, Sven Triloqvist suggests Yes, referencing the new economic foundation (NEF)'s Happy Planet Index, the formula for which turns out to appear fairly simple:

                         Life satisfaction x Life expectancy
          HPI =      -----------------------------------------
                                   Ecological Footprint

Of course, the devil's in the details, and leaving aside ecological footprint, which could be quite complex and controversial in and of itself, NEF notes that

Some researchers  notably those from an economics background  tend to see happiness, life satisfaction and well-being as synonymous and interchangeable.

Also, the happiness surveys being relied upon seem pretty simple, if not simplistic:

International surveys tend to consider life satisfaction by asking respondents a question such as: `If you consider your life overall, how satisfied would you say you are nowadays?' Responses are given on a 0 10 scale, from not at all satisfied to extremely satisfied. Clearly this is not a perfect measure. Ideally, subjective well-being would be assessed by asking a series of questions, perhaps probing different aspects of life and framing the issue in different ways so as to gain a more complete picture.
If you look at the "Calculate your personal HPI" survey on the NEF website, it's not clear how whether I live in a
  • a detached house or bungalow
  • a semi-detached house or large terraced
  • a small terraced house
  • a flat / apartment, or
  • any accommodation without running water
should be directly factored in my current level of personal satisfaction (I have been and could be happy in any of those, except maybe the last choice).

NEF waves away this caveat with one concluding sentence on its explanation of life-satisfaction:

As a general indicator of the state of well-being in a country, however, this single question performs surprisingly well, showing good validity when compared with other national-level statistics.

Well, setting aside any doubts we may have for now, and swallowing a nice lump of salt, how do various countries stack up in terms of "happiness"?

If you look at just Life Satisfaction, industrialized countries score high:

Denmark, Switzerland8.2
Austria7.8
Finland, Sweden, Bahamas7.7
Ireland, Canada, Bhutan7.6
Netherlands, Costa Rica, Malta7.5
Norway, United States, Malaysia, Venezuela7.4
Belgium, Suriname, Saudi Arabia7.3
Germany, Colombia, Bahrain, Kuwait7.2
United Kingdom7.1
Spain, Qatar, Guatemala, Dominican Republic7.0
Italy, Mexico, Cyprus, Trinidad & Tobago6.9
France, Indonesia, Tonga, Slovenia, Kyrgyzstan6.6

Clearly, though, some not so industrialized and less developed countries score high on this measure as well.

Now, what if you factor in Life Expectancy and Ecological Footprint on NEF's "Happiness Planet Index"?

RankCountryLife SatLife ExpEFHPI
1Vanatu7.468.61.168.2
2Colombia7.268.61.367.2
3Costa Rica7.568.62.166.0
4Dominica7.368.61.864.6
5Panama7.268.61.863.5
6Cuba6.368.61.461.9
7Honduras7.268.61.461.8
8Guatemala7.068.61.261.7
9El Salvador6.668.61.261.7
10Saint Vincent and the Grenadines7.268.61.761.4
12Vietnam6.174.00.861.2
19Kyrgyzstan6.666.81.159.0
31China6.371.61.556.0
35Yemen6.260.60.755.0
41Bangladesh5.762.80.653.2
45Palestine5.472.51.152.6
66Italy6.980.13.848.3
74Luxembourg7.678.54.945.6
82Germany7.278.74.843.8
87Spain7.079.54.843.0
95Japan6.282.04.341.7
99Denmark8.277.26.441.4
108United Kingdom7.178.45.440.3
129France6.679.55.836.4
130Armenia3.771.51.036.1
147Moldova3.567.71.231.1
150United States of America7.477.49.528.8
174Burundi3.043.60.719.0
176Zimbabwe3.336.91.016.6

(The entire list can be found here.)

It is immediately apparent that the "Happy Planet Index" is a very different animal than just a "Happy Country Index".  In fact, the "Map of World Happiness" represents "life satisfaction":

not while a world map of the "Happy Planet Index" looks like:

(In this map, lighter colors indicate higher score.  See the NEF website for a zoomable interactive world HPI map.)

Acknowleding the obvious, and difficult, questions like

How accurate are the "life satisfaction" surveys?

How feasible would it be to take such surveys at regular and frequent enough intervals, even if they were accurate?

Just how exactly are you measuring "ecological footprint"?

and so on, I wonder:

(1)  Is it reasonable to hope that we already have the makings, at least the beginnings, of some kind of "tractable" measure of a population's happiness?

(2)  Would such a measure be sufficiently reliable and accurate across cultures and societies around the world?

(3)  If so, can and it should it be used to measure the "successfulness" or "health" of a country (or region, or community, or continent, etc.), against itself at other points in time, or in comparison to other countries?

And most difficult of all, at least for me,

(4)  If some kind of "life satisfaction"/"happiness" measure is usable at all, do we want to use it by itself ("life satisfaction"/the first map above), or do we want to go the extra big step that the new economics foundation does by factoring populations' respective impacts on natural resources and the environment (HPI/second map)?

I would like to answer in the affirmative to all four questions.  We need something better than GDP, and while I was initially thinking of a "Misery" index as a "Popperian" tool -- i.e. gradual improvement through the identification and correction of weaknesses and mistakes -- if there already exists a "Negative Misery" index in the form of some sort of "life satisfaction" measure, we should try using that.

We must definitely take care to be sensitive to the diversity of notions, criteria and standards for "happiness" and "life satisfaction" that exist around the world.  But am I being too simplistic in positing that all human beings, when it comes down to it, are, well, human beings, and that there can be a common, basic, fundamental experience that we all share -- and recognize in each other -- corresponding to "happiness"?

Also, if such a population-level measure of "happiness" is to be of any use at all, it should be usable to compare the relative "successfulness" of different countries, or of the same country at different periods in time, should it not?

And finally, pace Siddhartha Gautama, what use is it to be "happy", if that happiness is not sustainable?  Put another way, if your means of happiness entails inevitable suffering when that means runs out, is that a kind of happiness that we want to measure "health" and "success" on?

(I have not finished reading it, but the new economics foundation has a document titled The [Un]Happy Planet Index: An index of human well-being and environmental impact which explores this topic in further depth.)

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Quantifying happiness? That's an interesting challenging...thought provoking, actually, as trying to define what happiness may vary according to culture.

"Once in awhile we get shown the light, in the strangest of places, if we look at it right" - Hunter/Garcia
by whataboutbob on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 03:47:34 AM EST
Studies cited by Laynard in his book "Happiness: Lessons from a New Science" indicate that no, happiness is more or less the same thing across cultures: a satisfaction of  personal needs, be them physical or emotional. These needs connect to basic human nature, and that doesnt change a lot.

We are more happy when we have family and friends that care, and for whom we care, a job that is fulfiling, the respect and trust of others, a place in a community, time for leisure and other things like that.

Most happiness studies conclusions sound like "good old family values" and pieces of ancient wisdom.

by Torres on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 07:48:34 PM EST
[ Parent ]
Took the test:
  • HPI: 47.9 (average respondents: 41.8, average UK: 40.3)
  • Life expectancy: 77.4 (average respondents: 79.7)
  • Ecological footprint: 2,57 planets, 4.62 g Ha (average respondents: 5.52)
  • Life satisfaction: 8 (average respondents: 6.73)
  • Personal feelings: 4.09 (average respondents: 6.04)
  • Personal functionings: 5.72 (average respondents: 6.14)
  • Social feelings: 5.47 (average respondents: 5.66)
  • Social functionings: 4,51 (average respondents: 5.58)
I don't find this test very instructive. The "Life satisfaction" score is based on a single answer to "how satisfied are you from 0 to 10?"

Nothing is 'mere'. — Richard P. Feynman
by Migeru (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 05:33:00 AM EST
Me:

#  HPI: 71.3
# Life expectancy: 88
# Ecological footprint: 1,44 planets, 2.59 g Ha
# Life satisfaction: 8
# Personal feelings: 7.58
# Personal functionings: 6.55
# Social feelings: 5.64
# Social functionings: 7.59

by Alex in Toulouse on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 11:16:26 AM EST
[ Parent ]
That HPI formula is stupid. Having a long and shitty life is as good as having a short but satisfying life. Also, the ecological footprint doesn't seem as related to happiness as satisfaction and life expectancy, and dividing by it allows them to give advice for reducing your ecological impact disguised as advice for improving your happiness.

Nothing is 'mere'. — Richard P. Feynman
by Migeru (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 05:40:03 AM EST
Having a long and shitty life is as good as having a short but satisfying life.

Yeah, I was a little uncertain about the life-expectancy factor as well: not clear at all that it should be used to multiply life satisfaction.  But does not higher life-expectancy correlate, in general, with at least a materially more advantaged life, i.e. a life in which a person has more opportunities and "capabilities" (a la Sen) for enriching the quality of their life.

It turns out that the United Nations Human Development Index uses life-expectancy as one of its three "dimensions", the other two being literacy rate/school enrollment and GDP per capita at purchasing power parity.

Also, the ecological footprint doesn't seem as related to happiness as satisfaction and life expectancy, and dividing by it allows them to give advice for reducing your ecological impact disguised as advice for improving your happiness.

Right.  That was the point of my fourth question -- (4)  If some kind of "life satisfaction""happiness" measure is usable at all, do we want to use it by itself ("life satisfaction"/the first map above), or do we want to go the extra big step that the new economics foundation does by factoring populations' respective impacts on natural resources and the environment (HPI/second map)? -- and to which I tentatively responded:

what use is it to be "happy", if that happiness is not sustainable?  Put another way, if your means of happiness entails inevitable suffering when that means runs out, is that a kind of happiness that we want to measure "health" and "success" on?

That HPI formula is stupid

Perhaps the formula for the UN's Human Development Index is more to your liking?  ;-)

I am not really wed to this particular formula, nor am I convinced by the particular survey approach taken to measure "life satisfaction".  But I am interested in the broader question as to if and when we will be able to measure such a notion as "contentedness""satisfaction"/"freedom", etc.  I think we both agree that GDP is not a great way to measure the "successfulness" of a society.  But how do we improve upon it?  Is it still premature to try indexing non-material things such as "happiness" as the NEF tries to do, or "human development", as the United Nations tries?

The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion, but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence.

by marco (cowannar at gmail punkt com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 10:10:12 PM EST
[ Parent ]
It's way too subjective and ridiculously UK-centric. These people need to get out and meet a better class of human being. Just one example of its idiotic bias: despite the fact that I don't have a car, live in a compact (but comfortable) apartment and haven't even turned on my heat for the last ten years, I scored a massive "ecological footprint" -- seven times higher than the average gas-guzzling American -- apparently because I fly more than "50 hours a year."  Well, how else could I keep clients in Asia and Europe and see my family (a ten-hour round-trip flight) once or twice a year? Walk? Row a boat? I also suspect that they score you higher on the happiness scale if you live in a "detached" (sic) house, despite the fact that all the most miserable people I know live in "detached" houses in dreary, isolated, life-draining suburbs.

This is an interesting idea, but they have to get their heads out of their myopic British asses.

by Matt in NYC on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 11:32:16 PM EST
[ Parent ]
A few comments...

I don't like index numbers, especially the ones like this. Life expectancy is straightforward enough to measure, even though more than one measure of life expectancy exists... Average life span? Median life span? Do we include infant mortality? I think infannt mortality is a good indicator of serious unhappiness, and should be listed separately. So, even though life span is "properly quantitative", there is a lot of qualitative ambiguity in its measurement.

Then we come to ecological footprint. Clear air, clear water, food, energy, and housing are all converted to "global hectares" and added up. As if one could compensate for greenhouse gass emissions by not eating or drinking. But still, these impacts are presumably measurable, even if the aggregate is a bit dodgy.

As for life satisfaction... All we can do is ask people how satisfied they are with their life in general, or with particular aspects of it. Expressing these estimates numerically allows or even invites certain numerical manipulations that I don't think are entirely justified. And then there is the "keeping up with the Joneses" effect, where "a raising tide lifts all boats and leaves everyone feeling the same", since a lot of "life satisfaction" has to do with perceived self-ranking relative to everyone else.

Reducing everything to one number allows ranking, which is, I suspect, the whole point of many of these measures. I think it should be a rule not to take seriously any measure that is not at least two-dimensional.

Nothing is 'mere'. — Richard P. Feynman

by Migeru (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 06:09:04 AM EST
Okay, but is it really any crazier than GDP?

Perceptions of value are as subjective as perceptions of happiness. The difference is that there's more known about what makes people happy than there is about what makes them value things - the usual economic line apparently being based on the rigorous concept of 'Well, they just do', and some hand-waving about rational actors.

I agree that lumping in eco-footprint with other factors is nonsensical.

But let's imagine that we had an economy that took these factors into account in a less contrived way. Would it be more or less successful for the majority of the population than the one based on the metrics we use today?

by ThatBritGuy (thatbritguy (at) googlemail.com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 07:18:27 AM EST
[ Parent ]
What do you mean by "an economy that took these factors into account"? In particular, what do you mean by "an economy"? The legal framework governing economic activity? Economic policy? The self-organised system comprising all individual economic agents? The human life support and resource use system?

The underlying issue is, really, how do the concepts we use to analyze economic activity feed back on the economic activity itself?

Something that stands out in Keynes' General Theory, by the way, is the paramount importance of subjective perceptions not only of value, but of future conditions.

Nothing is 'mere'. — Richard P. Feynman

by Migeru (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 11:09:03 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Note: I formatted two maps, so they fit better in the story...

"Once in awhile we get shown the light, in the strangest of places, if we look at it right" - Hunter/Garcia
by whataboutbob on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 06:29:28 AM EST
I remember reading in a psycholigical journal that Happiness is a psychological disorder that can indeed be cures.
by messy on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 02:23:29 PM EST
First an extract from a short story, "Bontshe Shweig" (Bontshe the Silent) by I.L. Peretz.
Here on earth the death of Bontshe Shweig made no impression.
...
The death of a tram horse whould have caused more excitement.
...
But that's not how it was in the other world. There Bontshe's death was occasion.
...
"The Heavenly Tribunal can pass no judgement on you. It is not for us to determine your portion in paradise. Take what you want!
...
"Well, then," smiled Bontshe, "what I'd like most of all is a warm roll with fresh butter every morning."

This story indicates that happiness is relative.

Studies have shown than many people would be happy if they acheived the economic status of those just one step above them.

See this book:
Frank, R. H. (1999). Luxury Fever : Why Money Fails to Satisfy in an Era of Excess.  New York, Free Press.  Princeton University Press paperback edition, 2000.

Policies not Politics
---- Daily Landscape

by rdf (robert.feinman@gmail.com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 02:30:53 PM EST
There is happiness and there is unhappiness. I think we might do better to concentrate on reducing known indicators of misery [infant mortality, short life expectancy, analfabetism, endemic disease] rather than try to come up with measures of happiness and ways to improve it. Although it is easier to make everyone believe they are above average than making everyone above average.

Nothing is 'mere'. — Richard P. Feynman
by Migeru (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 05:30:36 PM EST
[ Parent ]
I think we might do better to concentrate on reducing known indicators of misery [infant mortality, short life expectancy, analfabetism, endemic disease] rather than try to come up with measures of happiness and ways to improve it.

Yes, this is what I meant by

I was initially thinking of a "Misery" index as a "Popperian" tool -- i.e. gradual improvement through the identification and correction of weaknesses and mistakes.

Perhaps as science cannot prove anything to be "true" with finality, but can only reduce falsehoods, we should not necessarily strive to make everyone "happy", but to reduce suffering.  And give everyone as much opportunity as possible to create their own "happiness".

The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion, but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence.

by marco (cowannar at gmail punkt com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 09:38:44 PM EST
[ Parent ]
Cartogram ("density-equalizing map") from WorldMapper project measuring Annual male earnings in billions of US$ in purchasing power parity (PPP).

Here's an explanation of how such a cartogram is created.

And the full list of World Mapper cartograms.

Too bad they don't have one for median PPP income.

The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion, but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence.

by marco (cowannar at gmail punkt com) on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 10:49:22 PM EST
And I think I've hit on it. There wasn't a single question that had to do with human relationships (except maybe the one about whether or not your "spouse" was included in the number of people living in your household). Nor was there anything that could be construed as political. There was instead this typically middle-class idea that 1) "stress" is bad 2) the only source of stress in life is work. Well, how about the "stress" people in dozens of countries must feel constantly that they are about to be arrested and tortured? Or the stress we all feel that nothing is going to keep us from suffering two more years of Bushco? Surely all these factors impact how happy or unhappy people are.
by Matt in NYC on Sat Jul 29th, 2006 at 11:47:46 PM EST
Denmark the happiest? -- Could it be, at least in part, Grundtvig's folk school movement?

Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783-1872), Lutheran pastor, poet, hymn writer, and historian, gave birth to the idea of the folk school, which his followers implemented. The Grundtvigian ideological system and folk school emerged from a turbulent period of Danish nationalism, democratic change, and economic crisis. Grundtvig's ideas helped to restore national pride after disastrous military defeats of the 1860s, to rebuild a depressed economy, and to equip the peasants for suffrage.

Michelson's (1969) analysis of how the Grundtvigian religious movement contributed to economic change is instructive. After 1828, following Grundtvig's resignation from church office, he began to articulate his ideas in print, and they gained acceptance among a group of people who became active in his behalf. Persons applied the name "Grundtvigian" to these ideas and the theology that accompanied them, and the name became common in Denmark. Grundtvigians valued self-expression and regarded conversation as recreation. They possessed strong egos and had few doubts about their own country and their role in building it. They did not fear innovation and believed in showing people what they could do. On the other hand, they were also dependent on one another, cooperated in common endeavors, and compromised to make the situation work for others.

Grundtvigians developed several mechanisms for implanting these ideas: singing, the "meeting," the church, grammar schools, and the folk schools. Of these several mechanisms, the folk school has been linked to the establishment of cooperatives, which resulted in Danish farm prosperity. Credit, as Michelson (1969) cautions, does not belong to the folk schools. The folk schools could not have existed during that period of Danish history except as part of a wider Grundtvigian community, and they were only on of several mechanisms by which the Grundtvigian idea system was disseminated and internalized. The folk schools did not teach economics nor advocate cooperation. Yet, the Grundtvigian ideas predisposed people for structural change, which did involve cooperation.

 MORE HERE: http://www-distance.syr.edu/stubblefield.html

[Grundtvig's son, the philologist, was the mentor of Francis Child, the renowned American ballad scholar, who gave his name to the so-called "Child ballads." Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks both attended a Grundtvigian Folk School -- Highlander in Tennessee. The Folk Schools also inspired settlement houses, the YMCA, and adult education in general. It is my understanding also that Scandinavia never underwent land enclosure http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure , which had such a demoralizing and pauperizing effect on small farmers and craftsmen in the British Isles and Ireland.]

by John Culpepper on Sun Jul 30th, 2006 at 03:05:58 PM EST
This is fascinating.  Please write a full diary about it.

The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion, but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence.
by marco (cowannar at gmail punkt com) on Mon Jul 31st, 2006 at 12:14:41 AM EST
[ Parent ]


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