The Poll Tax

by ceebs
Sat Jun 13th, 2009 at 11:45:13 AM EST

Occasionally on here UK posters refer to the Poll Tax, and it has come to our attention that some of you will not be aware of this divisive exercise in British political history.  A quick view on Wikipedia shows this:

The Community Charge was a poll tax to fund local government in the United Kingdom, instituted in 1989 by the government of Margaret Thatcher. It replaced the rates that were based on the notional rental value of a house. The abolition of rates was in the manifesto of Thatcher's Conservative Party in the 1979 general election, and the replacement was proposed in the Green Paper of 1986, Paying for Local Government based on ideas developed by Dr Madsen Pirie and Douglas Mason of the Adam Smith Institute. It was a fixed tax per adult resident, but there was a reduction for those with lower household income. Each person was to pay for the services provided in their community. This proposal was contained in the Conservative Manifesto for the 1987 General Election. The new tax replaced the rates in Scotland from the start of the 1989/90 financial year, and in England and Wales from the start of the 1990/91 financial year.

There were two central reasons for introducing this change in the tax system: firstly as the old rates system was based on the rentable value of the property, those who would be the conservatives' natural supporters felt that they were paying an unfair proportion of local government funding. Secondly, in the transfer, there was a sleight of hand transfer of the cost of funding from national to local government, to enable a further decrease in income tax.


There were however a couple of major problems, right from the start, the changes' opponents managed to label the plans in the public's mind as "The Poll Tax", rather than the rather more anodyne sounding 'community charge'. This label had a rather large political charge, as the last time something in the UK had been labeled as "The Poll Tax" had been in 1377 and had been one of the major factors (along with the Plague) in causing The Peasants Revolt.

The second major problem was that due to the separation of legal systems between England and Wales, and Scotland it was decided to introduce it in Scotland a year before the rest of the country. This was perhaps not the brightest political maneuvre in the whole of British history.

When it was introduced into Scotland, it was seen widely as an English experiment to see how much you could get away with charging the poor. As an initial stage of resistance, people either didn't register (which took them off the electoral roll, a perhaps not unintentional effect) or registered under false names (at one point the most common registered name in Scotland was Donald Duck). By the end of the first year in operation, the system in Scotland was in chaos, many of the taxes' original supporters had found themselves no better if not worse off, and support was ebbing away.

Activists in England had been looking out and preparing for what was to come. Several of the more left wing and anarchist organisations had sent people to Scotland to study what was happening. (One had gone as far as signing up with a government start-your-own-business scheme as a political researcher, so throughout the year the government were actually paying him to work out how to break the Poll Tax when it came to England!) The government had learned a few lessons as well: putting in place massive fines if you failed to register or registered incorrectly.

Throughout the country, small anti-Poll-Tax groups sprang up, clustered round various groups like Socialist Worker or the Militant tendency mainly (my local one was centred around a bunch of people that went to one of the local pubs). Everyone registered, then basically a large percentage of people just didn't pay. Militant then organised a selection of weekly legal training days with the help of a selection of left-wing lawyers, who turned up with printed advice sheets and ran everyone through how to act to jam up the court system. The plan was to make the entire thing unenforceable.

Individual councils each had their own days in court where hundreds if not thousands of people depending on the size of the session would turn up to protest their charge. The people who had all been to the training days were allowed in as McKenzie friends. Court cases either dragged out over several days (meaning re-issuing of court summonses), or, on rare occasions, the magistrates tried running cases into the night (which was sometimes ruled to be an abuse of process, in that people with children could not be fairly represent themselves). My local court had the dubious honour of running the longest single magistrates court sitting in English legal history, finally finishing at 11:15pm in an attempt to run the entire lot through the system.

The major shock though was after the initial round of court cases. A demonstration was planned for the centre of London, this was to culminate in Trafalgar Square, however, several days before it was clear that the number wanting to attend would far exceed Trafalgar Square's capacity. Requests were put in to the police and home office to change the route to somewhere with a larger capacity, but these were turned down. Riot and looting lasted for twelve hours in the streets around Trafalgar square, after the police tried to break up the demonstration with police horses and riot vans:

The end result after many more dates in court, and smaller protests when people were notified that there would be baliffs coming round to seize property to pay for the unpaid tax, was replacement of the Community Charge with a new replacement tax called the Council Tax. This was a halfway stage between the old and new systems. The other major result was: this was seen as the final straw which ushered Margeret Thatcher into the pages of history. The two years of the Poll Tax had brought back to the surface massive hatred for her as a figure, and the Conservative Party began to see her as an anchor that was weighing them all down at the next election and so changed her in a bloodless coup a few months later for John Major.

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Hopefully this explains it all, feel free to ask more  if It's not clear.

If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the precipitate.
by ceebs (ceebs (at) eurotrib (dot) com) on Sat Jun 13th, 2009 at 11:47:00 AM EST
Wow. I was aware of the big protest-turned-riot and other protests, but not the court cases, and that this was prepared so extensively and a year (or two?) ahead.

It seems it's not just French workers who can organise big...

*Traitor*, n.
A benighted individual who perceives an illusory distinction between serving his nation and abetting the criminals who govern it.

by DoDo on Sat Jun 13th, 2009 at 04:21:40 PM EST
[ Parent ]
well it had been in planning for about a year, by the time I got involved people had been working on it for about seven or eight months. The internet would I think in many ways, make protest harder nowadays, apart from sofa apathy it means that communication can be more easily monitored

The  ability of British workers to effectively organise and protest is one of those things that has been edited out of history with the village greens and bycicles view of the early part of the century. but previous to 1939 there are similar shocked newspaper articles about UK workers protests written by French journalists as you see in UK papers written about french protests today.

If you're not part of the solution, you're part of the precipitate.

by ceebs (ceebs (at) eurotrib (dot) com) on Sat Jun 13th, 2009 at 04:50:58 PM EST
[ Parent ]
The whole Poll Tax thing was before I was politically aware and the news wasn't watched in my house so I didn't pick up on anything like this.  Great diary ceebs, thanks.

Ad astra per aspera
by In Wales (inwales aaat eurotrib.com) on Sun Jun 14th, 2009 at 02:22:05 AM EST
[ Parent ]
European Tribune - The Poll Tax
The end result after many more dates in court, and smaller protests when people were notified that there would be baliffs coming round to sieze property to pay for the unpaid tax, was replacement of the Community charge with a new replacement tax called the council tax.

The legislation which manages this is still on the books. If someone pays their tax late, the council takes the debt to court as a matter of inflexible policy (it doesn't quite take them to court - it's slightly surreal from that point of view) before there's any attempt to negotiate an arrangement.

This means court costs are awarded against the debtor automatically. And if there's no arrangement, the debt is handed over to bailiffs immediately.

by ThatBritGuy (thatbritguy (at) googlemail.com) on Sat Jun 13th, 2009 at 01:45:26 PM EST
In the USA, of course, the poll tax was used, especially in the South, to discriminate against poor, usually black, voters, and was rendered illegal by the 24th Ammendment in 1964.  I was unaware of the role of the poll tax in the Peasants Revolt in 14 century England, having started English History with the Tudors. I learned about W. the C. and the pipe rolls, etc. in a Medieval History survey course, but it went from antiquity to the Renaissance for all of Europe over two semesters, so there were gaps--to say the least.

As the Dutch said while fighting the Spanish: "It is not necessary to have hope in order to persevere."
by ARGeezer (ARGeezer at eurotrib.com) on Sun Jun 14th, 2009 at 12:37:05 AM EST
[ Parent ]
While the promoters of the poll tax pretended it was equitable (everybody uses the same, so should pay the same), the poll tax was (surprise) a significant subsidy by the poor of the rich, because the middle classes do, in fact, make more use of locally funded services than the poor, particularly education.  Middle class children are more likely to stay at school beyond 16, and go on to university.  And at that time your university fees were paid for by your local authority, even if you received no maintenance grant.
by Sassafras on Sun Jun 14th, 2009 at 03:50:22 AM EST
I always argue that the wealthy benefit more from the justice system, the police and fire departments, etc. in that they have much more to protect/capita than those lower down the scale.  To boot, the poor usually suffer more from criminal predation as they are easier targets.

As the Dutch said while fighting the Spanish: "It is not necessary to have hope in order to persevere."
by ARGeezer (ARGeezer at eurotrib.com) on Sun Jun 14th, 2009 at 12:26:31 PM EST
[ Parent ]


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