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The oldest gneisses I know of are visible at an outcrop beside the main motorway leading out of Mbabane in Swaziland. But time moves fast; perhaps they identified an older one by now...
But Pre-Cambrium, you bet your pants. Stable as... as... well, a rock. At the structural geology group in Utrecht, they work mostly in Norway, but also Lapland is in the spotlight. There's an interesting new tectonic phenomena developed by the group based on what they pry out of the rocks in Scandinavia from the Caledonian Orogeny: dunk tectonics they call it. It has been causing somewhat of a stir among the structural crowd as it upsets the idea that the process of subduction and getting rid of crustal material is far too simple a model.
Baltica was a big orogeny player in geologic history: Here's a snapshot of what they think the globe looked some 400 plus million years ago. Spot your beloved Finland...
It was really gneiss of you...
I would guess that Finland is somewhere a little to the east of Greenland? You can't be me, I'm taken
The rocks in Scotland from the Baltic Shield are European mainland traitors. They decided to stick with England during the breakup of Pangea, some 60-80 million years ago. The most northern highlands of Scotland are mostly made up of the Baltic Shield, and all the way to the south there's a suture zone with the rocks from England and the former Iapetus Ocean, I've heard that doing a north-south cross section is quite spectacular. Even more spectacular is that the famous stretched glens could be on top of ultra-old shear-zones that were re-activated again and again in their geologic past. This is not proven, but it's fascinating to muse about. Even without such esoteric thoughts, the Great Glen Fault is worth to be put on the "What I Need to See Before I Die" List for geologists.
And as I always say, there's a sound geological reason why British politics is so focused on the Anglo-American relation: if it wasn't for the failing rift in the North sea (the one that led to the copious oil & gas reservoirs), the UK would've been one of the islands nearby Maine, or nearby. Instead, the rifting continued west of the British Isles, and here we are today...
I think the very (to my ear somewhat nervous/testy) levity of this discussion highlights a problem that worries nuke skeptics, including myself: a seemingly feckless, boyish/macho enthusiasm for "technoniftiness" and a callous, we-know-what's-good-for-you-so-shut-up contempt for other (lesser?) people's concerns.
Greenpeace like any other embodied organisation has its problems, but it has been on the right side of many conflicts of interest over the years. it represents a large and fairly diverse constituency, including sober scientists and idealistic high school kids, worried moms and dads, disillusioned elders, as well as the stereotypical "dreadlocks and crystals" anarcholefties. and many of this last demographic, in my personal experience, do at least walk their talk -- ride their bikes, live vegetarian or vegan, reduce their consumption; which I find more palatable than the yuppie couples from Marin who drive their SUV to the park to buy some hemp tunics at the Earth Day Faire. I could do without the crystals and chanting, but when it comes to BTUs consumed per person I'm more tolerant of the frugal rainbow brigade than of the Veblenesque consumers trying to have their planet and eat it too.
I reject and will go on rejecting the old "do it our way or shiver in the dark / live in caves" meme deployed by the nuke proponents, the coal lobby, the oil lobby, the Bush regime... that is false dichotomy. there is a helluva lot of wiggle room between the sultanic lifestyle touted by infinite-growth finance capitalists and "shivering in the dark." my sense is that it is possible to live a decent life within a sustainable annual energy budget, without resort to yet more Filth Technologies, laying waste to yet more millions of acres of watershed and biotic habitat, etc. what is needed is systemic change, not just hot-swap plugnplay retooling.
as to what we should do with existing waste, bribing (low income?) communities with hospitals and other goodies seems ironically (or do I mean appropriately) mafiosic. I think it should be stored in secure, heavily-engineered underground vaults beneath the luxury homes of the executives and directors of Bechtel, GE, and all the other corporations who profited enormously from the nuclear porkbarrel so far and are shoving and jostling even now to snarf up more from the same trough. if it is not safe enough for their families to live with for the rest of their lives, then why should they be allowed to shove it off on other people's families? these guys own a lot of real estate in areas with low population densities; sounds like a perfect risk-minimising strategy to me. The difference between theory and practise in practise ...
If you want my serious answer, I'd say that some answers lie in going forward rather than backward.
As an example: the electric noosphere might one day reduce the need for the majority of people to go to work physically or to fly all over the planet for meetings.
We have already discussed here what replacing all domestic tungsten lighting by neon bulbs couid achieve. Or wind power, wave power etc etc.
I don't think many here are against Greenpeace, except when it goes aginst science, I believe we are all solidly against war of all kinds - including the war on 'terrorism'.
And please don't equate American mafioso failures with, for instance, Finland. You can't be me, I'm taken
oh that's right, sorry, we're not talking about the US here... The difference between theory and practise in practise ...
The ash that is produced is stable and can be mixed with concrete for safe storage.
That is all I know, (or understand) except that VTT - the Finnish Technical Research Centre is building a half scale industrial pilot.
I certainly feel more secure living in a country where 70% or more of CEOs have engineering degrees, and the highest per capita investment in R&D in the world.
Strangely enough, Finnish politicians are 95% 'ordinary people'. By that I mean that you don't need to be rich to enter parliament, you just need the motivation. They get paid a very good government salary - too good perhaps, but rather that than the corruption that one sees in politics in other Western countries. An old friend of mine, a jazz drummer, is now an MP. And you can meet politicians in the street, in bars, in the shops - the foreign minister shops at my local supermarket on his way to his summer cottage. I've seen him carrying his own shopping out to his car - not a guard in sight. (Not that I'm an expert in spotting them) You can't be me, I'm taken
I find the case of Yucca mountain in regard to bribing or exploiting communities to use their turf for waste disposal discomforting and share your sentiments there. It reeks of continuous neo-colonialism. But this angle simply cannot be projected onto Finland which has vast stretches of practically deserted land and which has geology that's the closest to the ideal for the nuclear mafia equivalent of pouring enemies into concrete.
I hope you know by now that I completely share your vision of a switch to energy reducing lifestyle. Yet even so, I also feel we should stay realistic enough that we need to fairly consider an energy back-up to our on oil floating world. Can we produce an amount of energy by renewables only, not just for the modern western world even with a major switch in lifestyle, but also for those parts in the world starting to catch on with the computer age? I don't know, but I've enough trust in radionuclear technology - if handled with vigilance and dedicated care by experts not driven by margins of profit - to leave it on my list (for now).
As said somewhere else, the priority of the oil energy switch in practice should be 1) Renewables 2) Conservation 3) Nuclear 4) Coal (gods forbid).
Through my work, I know that the very best engineering is applied to the problem in Finland. It is highly regulated - unlike the Chernobyl case.
Finland haa deep energy problem. There are no natural resources. The Baltic has no tides and few near-shore waves except in storms. Wind farms we have but they are low efficiency. There is a little bit of ground heat and many people are now adding this to their homes as background heating.
So 25% of our electrical energy comes from Russia - from Soviet-era reactors that should probably not be allowed.
Paavo Lipponen (speaker of the parliament and the last PM) today announced he is in favour of a 6th reactor to be built as soon as possible. I personally have no fears of that, but I do question if it is needed. Manufacturing is running down, though there is still steel and other ore processing going on in large scale. The paper and pulp mills have really cleaned up their act over the last two decades and some of them are grid energy-independent.
The problem is more domestic consumption, which we can do something about in terms of lighting, more energy efficient household appliances etc. An apartment block recently built in Espoo, using a unique energy recovery system, saves 70% energy consumption. More expensive to build, but figured to pay for itself in 15 years (probably less now). And, of course, cars, which the Finns love. But more and more I note, outworking is being promoted. Finland is very connected by wireless and companies are warming up to the idea that you can work for them other than in a downtown office. The mobile and software industry is providing the tools to do this.
The bottom line is that winter is cold. There has to be heating. However there is lots that can be done to make everything more efficient. The government is moving to action on this. Finland is the most debt-free country in Europe, a banker told me the other day that Finland could borrow a trillion Euros with affecting our triple A rating. It is time to invest in reducing energy consumption, by education, motivation, law and by investment. You can't be me, I'm taken
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