Italy has the Alps and a very mountainous north.

the appenines, while being a lot less formidable than the alps, stretch down beyond the north, and definitely make travel more energy intensive.

nothing more and better branch lines couldn't solve though.

as for energy deficit, i have often heard Italy imports 75% of its electricity, the daily hemorrhage of capital should have people in the streets, but it doesn't, unless you count beppe grillo's five star movement.

maybe this is improving as i am seeing more solar PV panels popping up all over, thanks to trying to keep up with the EU carbon reduction commitments.

on a more disturbing note, there used to be little signs by the roads entering many towns with a white dove on them, stating the community's opposition to nuclear power. they were one of the first things i noticed when coming here 18 years ago.

they seem to be disappearing in this area.

'The history of public debt is full of irony. It rarely follows our ideas of order and justice.' Thomas Piketty