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I'll finish it this evening and leave an historical example of "agency dilemma" that caught my attention again last night after an encounter with a UID extolling the virtue of bitcoin ("store of value") by comparison to gold and fiat but not quite slaves and "miners".
GENOA, 12th - 15th cen. CE "triangle trade" terminal of slaves, precious metals, and finance spanning west Africa to China. Have you never wondered how Europe accumulated gold reserves given its deposits are negligible? I settled on two abridged references.
Genoa, 'La Superba': The Rise and Fall of a Merchant Pirate Superpower
In 1266 the Mongol leaders of the Golden Horde ceded Caffa to Genoese, and Tana (on the Sea of Azov) to both the Genoese and Venetians. ... Unsurprisingly, Caffa was to host one of Europes largest slave markets. Genoa was tapping directly into major trade routes thousands of miles long, and linking them with the rapidly developing European economy. It was the medieval invention of globalisation.
Overseas trade, Genoa's economic backbone, relied on three types of contracts: the commenda, the societas, and the sea loan.[...]It neede commercial privileges in Latin Syria and obtained these by aiding the crusades; it also neede treaties with the Byzantines, who still controlled access to the Black Sea.* [...] Early in 1252, Genoa introduced the first reaular gold coinage in the west, narrowly edging out Florence. By then Genoa dominated trade in the Greek islands and rivaled Pisa and Venice in the crusader states, and Egypt remained the heart of the eastern trade.* [...] Genoa's galleys, unlike those of Venice, remained completely private ventures. Because of vast war debts, the popular regime under Guglielmo Boccanegra had to reorganize the commune's finances, which relied heavily on excise taxes, a modest tariff, and borrowing during wartime. ...A precocious market in public securities developed as new laws allowed creditors to sell shares.
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