Meet Karl and William Menniger, prairie authoritarians and authoritative analysts of "passive-aggressive personality disorder" (US- and UK-Eng. idiom, lip service).

[pp 4-5]The first official document about the disorder is a single Technical Bulletin issued by the U.S. War Department just as the Second World War was coming to an end. In 1945, Colonel William Menninger voiced concern about soldiers who were shirking duty by willful incompetence. They were not openly defiant, he conceded, but expressed their aggressiveness "by passive measures, such as pouting, stubbornness, procrastination, inefficiency, and passive obstructionism." Menninger saw their behavior as an "immaturity" and a reaction to "routine military stress" (Bulletin TB M.D. 203, dated October 19, 1945, as cited in Malinow, 1981, p. 123).
[...]
Having logged the quirks of servicemen, however, psychiatrists soon began applying the same charges virtually unaltered to civilians. As it readied the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for publication in 1952, the APA simply copied the relevant phrases from the military memo and gave them diagnostic codes. Indeed, it adopted the same practice for a large number of behaviors and ailments, making the temporary frustration of the U.S. War Department a basis for establishing lasting pathologies in the population at large.

Next Week: B. F. Skinner

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