The production and application of radionuclide-containing materials generate liquid radioactive waste (LRW) of various chemical compositions and activity levels. LRW presents the most severe potential environmental hazard due to its large volume and high total activity. Furthermore, during radiation accidents at the nuclear fuel cycle facilities, an uncontrolled release and migration of radioactive substances result in environmental pollution. As such, the radiation accidents at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant of the USSR, in 1986 and Fukushima-1 Nuclear Power Plant of Japan, in 2011 brought an enormous environmental damage. Therefore, developing and upgrading techniques for decontaminating liquid radioactive waste and radioactively contaminated natural water is an important and challenging issue.

Physical adsorption and ion exchange-based sorption methods adopt a high profile among the physicochemical methods used for decontaminating aqueous solutions from toxic and radioactive impurities. Physical adsorption methods with various types of adsorbents, primarily active carbons, are mainly used at the initial stages of polluted water treatment to remove oil products, surfactants, uranium, and heavy metals.
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