Welcome to European Tribune. It's gone a bit quiet around here these days, but it's still going.

Countdown to $200 oil (11) - almost $100 now: time to bet!

by Jerome a Paris Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 07:53:09 AM EST

I realize that I still haven't run a betting thread this year, and the lower price levels offer a perfect opportunity to do so.

Like in previous years (see diaries 9, 26 and 45 in the earlier Countdown to $100 oil series), I'm offering a bottle of Champagne (the real, French kind) to whoever provides the closest bet as to what the price of oil (as set by the WTI front month on the NYMEX) will be at the end of the day on 31 December.

In 2005 and 2006, the result was very close to $60, while in 2007, we had almost reached $100 (that symbolic level would fall the following week). Now that $100 sounds like a low price, but also after we've seen the price drop by more than $40 in just a few weeks, where do you think the price will be?

Time for a flutter - afew


The principle is simple: just put your bet in a top level comment below. You can argument it, or not, it does not matter (in any case, a single-date price is a rather random number anyway). The winner will be declared in a diary in early 2009.

:: ::

A few quick comments:

  1. I still don't think it was a bubble. The volatility of prices is expected, as I explained in my previous installment (opus 10 below);
  2. I find it interesting that politicians and others were talking about the extremely rapid movements to blame speculators when prices were going up; now that prices are going down, nobody seems worried about the rapidity of the movement. So is speculation bad only in one direction, and not the other?
  3. You can find my latest musings on European energy policy (or rather the lack thereof) and Russia over at the Oil Drum. It's one of my better efforts!
Earlier diaries:

See also the Countdown to $100 oil series.

Display:
But, what do I know?
by Magnifico on Wed Sep 3rd, 2008 at 07:00:39 PM EST
$112

far enough past the election to not be actively trying to keep the price down, and the dems not in power yet so the price wont have really been let go to help prove economic incompetence.

Any idiot can face a crisis - it's day to day living that wears you out.

by ceebs (ceebs (at) eurotrib (dot) com) on Wed Sep 3rd, 2008 at 07:12:20 PM EST
211,50 $
because Bush will start a war with Iran, before he leaves office.


Der Amerikaner ist die Orchidee unter den Menschen
Volker Pispers
by Martin (weiser.mensch(at)googlemail.com) on Wed Sep 3rd, 2008 at 07:15:00 PM EST
then you should bet higher - if you're going to do the 'all hell is going to break out' wager, go for it ;)
by MarekNYC on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 12:40:52 AM EST
[ Parent ]
All that speculation that was really holding the price up gets burned when oil hits $99, and it quickly drops to $68.37

I'm going for both over AND under on the same bet.

I've been accused of being a Marxist, yet while Harpo's my favourite, it's Groucho I'm always quoting. Odd, that.

by BruceMcF (agila61 at netscape dot net) on Wed Sep 3rd, 2008 at 08:20:08 PM EST
Oh, this is easy shit, unless you're going to reference a Magic 8 ball, tea leaves, OuiJa Board, etc.

We want to solve for y (price per barrel of oil; units = US buckeroos) as a function of time (t) at t = Dec. 31.

(Didn't you folks pay attention in science stats class?)

Fine.

You folks are the experts; I'm not one.  

Identify for me ALL of the Independent Variables (factors) which affect y; take your time; no pun; no hurry; no cheating and looking at your neighbor's paper.  Are these factors first order, squared, etc.

Also, give me all of the Constants which also factor into determining y.

What are the error bars associated with these factors?

Once we have this equation to our liking, let's see how accurately it predicts previous y's and then plug in our new future date (Dec. 31) and see what falls out, cognizant of the fact that there could be a feed-back information loop; if this works, people reading ET will effect the system with their behaviors, but we can then model this variable in a new equation.

Let's get to work.  You're not getting paid the big bucks to sit around on your multi-lingual butts.

They tried to assimilate me. They failed.

by THE Twank (yatta blah blah @ blah.com) on Wed Sep 3rd, 2008 at 09:02:44 PM EST
$144/bbl. It's a number with all kinds of nifty connections, and it will also be about 2 months past the dethroning of the Rethuglicans. After Nov 4, the price can go back to where supply and demand balances exist, more or less, and the effects of some of the recent Hedgers will have worn thin, and winter will be in full swing, in the aftermath of all those 2008 'canes.

Of course, slight tweekings of the oil market to favor the Rethugs just before an election (Peak Oil...what Peak Oil?) would never happen, by cranking out whatever oil can be pumped or dumped as hedges....Just can't be done, so don't think about it. And the same for inflation and body blows to economies, as oil price rises (what price rises, what Peak Oil, what Peak Natural Gas?) worm their way through societies and economies. What inflation - no oil price rise, oil prices and Ngas prices are falling, right? Why, since oil prices are falling and  not the sky, good times must be just around the corner (especially if one is rich enough), if only the Rethugs achieve the improbable (and probably not legal) outcome that is in their evil heart's desire - re-election and rethroning.

So, it's $144.

Nb41

by nb41 on Wed Sep 3rd, 2008 at 11:42:57 PM EST
You can find my latest musings on European energy policy (or rather the lack thereof) and Russia over at the Oil Drum.

And, what do you know, here on the European Tribune too!

by afew (afew(a in a circle)eurotrib_dot_com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 01:54:22 AM EST
$120

Why?

Because.  I suppose this is as good a reason as any.

But seriously, I think that a lot of the peak earlier in the year was Chinese buying for their strategic supply.  

Gustav was not nearly as bad as it could be, and it looks like all the others are going to hit the East Coast, not the Gulf of Mexico.  I also think that the there is going to be a bailout of the Big Three automakers, and that part of that is going to be a heavy push to retool for plug in electric hybrids like the Chevy Volt, which will substantially reduce oil use in the future because they can go 40 miles without using a drop of gas.

I also see a mild slowdown in the works in East Asia as American demand for Chinese goods drops due to the recession.  A year or two of 4-5% growth in China will pop a lot of the over the top enthusiasm that's sent the Chinese middle class out buying cars.  

In the end though, I think that the oil producing states have caught on that the West will accept current prices, and regardless the power of the Saudis to use excess capacity to affect the market is long gone.  And the Russians?  Please.  Papa Putin isn't going to turn on the spigot to please the West at this point.  And I'm certain they are equally displeased with the Chinese after their friends in Beijing failed to back them up on Georgia.

So mostly downward pressure, but there's a floor.  And as long as there's an OPEC, I suspect that floor will not be breached.

And I'll give my consent to any government that does not deny a man a living wage-Billy Bragg

by ManfromMiddletown (manfrommiddletown at lycos dot com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 03:54:31 AM EST
$127.69
Is what I got out of the random number generator, and thus my guess...
by someone (s0me1smail(a)gmail(d)com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 04:04:35 AM EST
What probability distribution did you feed into the random number generator?

Bare your prior for all to see!

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith

by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 10:27:13 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Uniform distribution between $100 and $200.
by someone (s0me1smail(a)gmail(d)com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 10:46:31 AM EST
[ Parent ]
But that can't be! Your price is rational, and there's zero chance of picking a rational price with a uniform :)

--
$E(X_t|F_s) = X_s,\quad t > s$
by martingale on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 08:25:22 PM EST
[ Parent ]
Because substitution will kick in eventually, prices need not really be too high. We will use more coal and gas in several applications.

On the other hand, volatility is very large.

I'd really like to put a lower number, but December 31 is too close to the 2008 IEA World Energy Outlook which is going to be a shocker to a lot of people.

So let's say... $144.

With some years of substitution prices could well fall by half from that level.

Peak oil is not an energy crisis. It is a liquid fuel crisis.

by Starvid on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 05:00:24 AM EST
$102.76

Un roi sans divertissement est un homme plein de misères
by linca (antonin POINT lucas AROBASE gmail.com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 05:57:41 AM EST
$122.21

*Lunatic*, n.
One whose delusions are out of fashion.
by DoDo on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 07:42:29 AM EST
$100

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 10:25:46 AM EST
That's a nice round number, but slips you into a very narrow success range between magnificos 98, and my 112 (assuming noone drops between us)

Any idiot can face a crisis - it's day to day living that wears you out.
by ceebs (ceebs (at) eurotrib (dot) com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:07:24 AM EST
[ Parent ]
(points at his $102 bet)

Un roi sans divertissement est un homme plein de misères
by linca (antonin POINT lucas AROBASE gmail.com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:08:38 AM EST
[ Parent ]
I'm just taking a piss at Jerome.

Interesting that two people have chosen 144 (= 122) but nobody has picked $141.42 which is the median under the "proper" log-uniform prior (yes, someone, I'm talking about you)

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith

by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:11:04 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Then I'll change into... uh... $141.42!

But really, this is just looking at tea leaves.

We could well see either $70 or $170.

Peak oil is not an energy crisis. It is a liquid fuel crisis.

by Starvid on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:51:54 AM EST
[ Parent ]
No, this is not even looking at the tea leaves.

Nb41 also picked $144

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith

by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:53:47 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Obviously a numinous number.

"It is not necessary to have hope in order to persevere."
by ARGeezer (ARGeezer a in a circle eurotrib daught com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 11:38:25 PM EST
[ Parent ]
well, I was going for $120, but MfM got there first, so how about $117 ?

keep to the Fen Causeway
by Helen (lareinagal at yahoo dot co dot uk) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 10:46:26 AM EST
[ET Moderation Technology™]

Eliminated unwanted whitespace.

When copy-pasting HTML into a diary or comment, make sure you set the formatting to "HTML formatted" because the "Auto Format" will introduce lots of stray <br> tags, especially in tables and lists.

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith

by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:26:28 AM EST
I still don't think it was a bubble. The volatility of prices is expected, as I explained in my previous installment (opus 10 below);
The see-saw pattern is bubble-like.

You can see little bubbles upon big bubbles (as in, the Feb-MidMarch pattern is a rescaled version of the Feb-August pattern) ad infinitum, in an appropriately fractal manner, but the way volatility is realised is through bubbles. It is not Brownian motion by any stretch of imagination.
Here are some little waves upon big waves ad infinitum.


A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:36:45 AM EST
If that wasn't a bubble. I'd like to know what one actually does look like....

And IMHO it won't be the last bubble in the oil market either.

"The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson

by ChrisCook (cojockathotmaildotcom) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 01:50:37 PM EST
[ Parent ]
Soros seems to agree with us...

The New York Review of Books: The Perilous Price of Oil (By George Soros on September 25, 2008)

The following is adapted from testimony given by George Soros before the US Senate Commerce Committee Oversight Hearing on June 3, 2008.

...

While I am not myself an expert in oil, I have made a lifelong study of investment bubbles as a professional investor. My theory of investment bubbles, explained more fully in my recent book, The New Paradigm for Financial Markets, is considerably different from the conventional view. According to my theory, prices in financial markets do not necessarily tend toward equilibrium. They do not just passively reflect the fundamental conditions of demand and supply; there are several ways by which market prices affect the fundamentals they are supposed to reflect. There is a two-way, reflexive interplay between biased market perceptions and the fundamentals, and that interplay can carry markets far from equilibrium. Every sequence of boom and bust, or bubble, begins with some fundamental change, such as the spread of the Internet, and is followed by a misinterpretation of the new trend in prices that results from the change. Initially that misinterpretation reinforces both the trend and the misinterpretation itself; but eventually the gap between reality and the market's interpretation of reality becomes too wide to be sustainable.



A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 07:59:39 AM EST
[ Parent ]
It's not misinterpretation. It's sharks jumping on a bandwagon (can sharks jump on bandwagons? - never mind...) yelling 'MONEY!!!!' and pushing prices up as high as they can.

At some point future pricing and guesses about likely returns stop being convincing and the house of cards collapses.

Bubbles are - literally - a confidence trick.

There are some excellent post dot-com bubble books doing the rounds. In one of them someone persuades an investor to 'buy the internet' and sells them a CD of content for a few million.

That's not misinterpretation, that's trying it on and getting it away with it because some investors are stupid.

The dot com bubble was very public, and the con trick was extended to most of the population. Likewise for the housing bubble.

The oil bubble has very few players and isn't public at all, so we have no idea what's going on. But when you get a price spike of 50-75% over a short time, and no one is entirely sure where some of the physical oil is, that looks very bubble-ish from the outside.

by ThatBritGuy (thatbritguy (at) googlemail.com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:09:13 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Bubbles are - literally - a confidence trick.

Yes, but not always and not only.

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith

by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:26:22 AM EST
[ Parent ]
I meant both meanings of confidence.
by ThatBritGuy (thatbritguy (at) googlemail.com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:51:49 AM EST
[ Parent ]


A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:37:46 AM EST
[ Parent ]
There is this text by Jonathan Swift which I don't know whether I should call relatively well known or relatively obscure... You tell me.

Anyway, here it goes:

The Vermin only teaze and pinch Their Foes superior by an Inch. So Nat'ralists observe, a Flea Hath smaller Fleas that on him prey, And these have smaller Fleas to bite 'em, And so proceed ad infinitum.
The rhyme and rhythm were improved by Augustus De Morgan
Great fleas have little fleas
upon their backs to bite 'em,
And little fleas have lesser fleas,
and so ad infinitum.
And the great fleas themselves, [in turn,]
have greater fleas to go on;
While these again have greater still,
and greater still, and so on.
(I, in turn, would remove the [in turn]). Then even later, Lewis Richardson who was a physicist studying fluid mechanics wrote
Big whorls have little whorls,
Which feed on their velocity,
And little whorls have lesser whorls,
And so on to viscosity.
I propose
Big bubbles have little bubbles
which feed on their liquidity
and little bubbles have lesser bubbles
and so on to volatility.
And the greater bubbles have themselves
even greater bubbles to ride on;
while these again have greater still
and greater still, 'till meltdown.
This is just about the first time I write verse since I was maybe 12. The quality hasn't improved much.


A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 06:07:20 AM EST
[ Parent ]
impressive!
by emilmoller (emil@beyondthewalls.eu) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:45:52 AM EST
[ Parent ]
In memory of the ineffable

William McGonagall


Bubbles big from bubbles bitty
Pumped up by Bank liquidity
Until pump fails or switches off
And all that's left is debt, and froth.


"The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson
by ChrisCook (cojockathotmaildotcom) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:46:05 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Note that one has to pronounce the e in pumped in order for the second line to scan...

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:49:29 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Migeru,

I like how you put the two graphs together. Excellent! As for the winning bet....it's going to be like a surfer riding the waves, and seeing which wave will be moving through the finish line (Dec 31), however that is done, is the key to the bet. Obviously, the May 2007 to May 2008 price wave was a big one, and now the world gets to catch its breath and adapt to this post $100/bbl reality. A lot of people have been using a little bit less each (which does add up to about a 5% consumption drop, for now) of oil products, so demand is likely to be down. But so is production in a lot of key spots, and more importantly, the volumes of Exported Oil are also likely to be less for 2008 than they were for 2007, and the same for 2006. And maybe the KSA rulers will decide after the Nov U.S. election to cut back a small bit on production, and rake in a big chunk of coin, again, and thus make money while their oil fields recover from this recent session of all-out pumping. I'm guessing that will pull up the price just in time for the holidays. Merry Xmas, sort of...

Nb41

by nb41 on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 10:19:57 AM EST
[ Parent ]
I do reason visually a lot...

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 10:28:38 AM EST
[ Parent ]
$181

I have no idea what the price will be, so I pick it like I would pick a number for the lottery. :-)

by Fran on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 11:43:09 AM EST
Wanted to say $117...

As that's taken, I'll go for $131.13. On the hopes that China starts revving up again in Autumn.

by nanne (zwaerdenmaecker@gmail.com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 12:07:45 PM EST
$94
by Metatone (metatone [a|t] gmail (dot) com) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 01:00:18 PM EST
€70

Or about $120.

"The future is already here -- it's just not very evenly distributed" William Gibson

by ChrisCook (cojockathotmaildotcom) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 01:46:31 PM EST
$105.89

you are the media you consume.

by MillMan (millguy at gmail) on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 05:25:27 PM EST
Wanting to pick up the high tail of the distribution...
by asdf on Thu Sep 4th, 2008 at 09:31:47 PM EST
The high tail is mine! All mine!

[Insert evil laughter, that possibly ends in coughing if a higher number is picked]

Sweden's finest (and perhaps only) collaborative, leftist e-newspaper Synapze.se

by A swedish kind of death on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:17:01 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Not in a top-level comment, so it doesn't count...
by gk (gk (gk quattro due due sette @gmail.com)) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:46:03 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Nyah, nyah!
by asdf on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:49:43 AM EST
[ Parent ]
I asked a colleague to pick a number for me and she said 139 so, I bet $139.
by In Wales (inwales aaat eurotrib.com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 06:53:36 AM EST
"Magic Eightball, will the price of oil...."

Be nice to America. Or we'll bring democracy to your country.
by Drew J Jones (pedobear@pennstatefootball.com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 07:46:57 AM EST
My take is that oil price is formed in a chaotic environment, with major players having hidden agenda's.

Hidden from the public at large, governments, one another and intellectuals alike.

The chaotic nature comes from the fact that there are too many variables to start with and that these are beyond anyone's control. One or more variables changing in seemingly insignificant ways can result in major consequences anywhere anytime.

So much for the intellect, planning and a feeling of security.

There are ways we can make progress regarding these matters though. But that takes an overhaul of our current ways of relating to ourselves and others.

I hope we can make the transition

  • from an over reliance on the intellect amongst bloggers here, as well as academia and policy makers in general and an under use of this faculty in the corporate domain
  • to one where the intellect is situated, by embedding it in the larger scope of human capacities

This is described well by http://www.presencing.com/capacitybuilding/globalclassroom.shtml

An example and invitation can be found on http://docs.google.com/Presentation?id=dc32w233_471hb9dg4cm

Greetings,

Emil Möller

by emilmoller (emil@beyondthewalls.eu) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 08:01:12 AM EST
I wouldn't call naked profit a hidden agenda.

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 08:19:04 AM EST
[ Parent ]
no, but the way this is pursued in the middle of actors that would could hinder this spells spin

see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corporation

by emilmoller (emil@beyondthewalls.eu) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 10:44:59 AM EST
[ Parent ]
Sure, but that's the way the system works.

A vivid image of what should exist acts as a surrogate for reality. Pursuit of the image then prevents pursuit of the reality -- John K. Galbraith
by Carrie (migeru at eurotrib dot com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 10:49:23 AM EST
[ Parent ]
the more I think about it, the more the dominating systemic dimension becomes evident

I can't come up with anything in my mind that would be able to steer away from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_(book). Nor do I see this with anyone else, who remains in the rational domain

Trans rationally there's a lot. But that's sheer impossible to bring across, in the sense of successfully inviting people to explore this frontier

by emilmoller (emil@beyondthewalls.eu) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 01:36:28 PM EST
[ Parent ]
However, even in an environment with a lot of apparently random noise there can be a trend. It seems doubtful that oil will be at, say $20 any time soon--barring a revaluatin of the dollar!
by asdf on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 09:52:03 AM EST
[ Parent ]
High because the dollar is shortly going to be toilet paper - along with the pound.

You can't be me, I'm taken
by Sven Triloqvist on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 08:34:13 AM EST
$110.50
by Ralph on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 10:13:19 AM EST
$179,80 !
by Yougze on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 11:00:26 AM EST
Responding to your point 2 in the diary about speculation being blamed for the run up but not mentioned in the decline in the price, a family member of mine is quite keen on speculators as the explanation for the volatility in the price, but I think what he would say is that the speculators drove the price up, but now they've been somehow dealt with or their effect minimized, and the price is regressing to a more "normal" (or "correct"?) level.

Not my personal view, but I thought I would share it.

No bet on the Dec 31 price.

Il faut se dépêcher d'agir, on a le monde à reconstruire

by dconrad (drconrad {arobase} gmail {point} com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 03:20:49 PM EST
$127.00

"It is not necessary to have hope in order to persevere."
by ARGeezer (ARGeezer a in a circle eurotrib daught com) on Fri Sep 5th, 2008 at 11:56:03 PM EST
I was going for 127, but it's taken.

So let's say $129,99...

"Dieu se rit des hommes qui se plaignent des conséquences alors qu'ils en chérissent les causes" Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

by Melanchthon on Mon Sep 8th, 2008 at 02:59:37 PM EST
... whatever that might be in dollars at the time.

- Jake

Friends come and go. Enemies accumulate.

by JakeS (JangoSierra 'at' gmail 'dot' com) on Mon Sep 8th, 2008 at 08:46:27 PM EST


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